What is Ginkgo Biloba Extract?
Derived from the leaves of one of the oldest living tree species on Earth, Ginkgo biloba extract is a concentrated formulation often standardized to contain specific active compounds. The most commonly studied extract, known as EGb 761, is processed to remove harmful substances found in the raw plant while retaining beneficial bioactives 1 This extract is rich in flavonoids and terpenoids, which are believed to be the primary drivers behind its therapeutic effects in traditional and modern medicine.
1. Powerful Antioxidant Content and Neutralization of Free Radicals
The metabolic processes in the human body naturally produce unstable molecules known as free radicals, which can damage cells and accelerate aging. Ginkgo biloba extract contains high levels of flavonoids and terpenoids, which function as potent antioxidants that combat these harmful particles 2 , 3 By neutralizing free radicals, the extract helps reduce oxidative stress, a condition linked to numerous chronic diseases and cellular damage 4
2. Enhancement of Cognitive Function and Memory
Many individuals turn to herbal supplements to support brain health as they age. Research suggests that while Ginkgo may not prevent dementia in healthy adults, it can offer modest improvements in cognitive speed and memory retention for those already experiencing mild decline [https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginkgo} , 5 The mechanism appears to involve improved blood flow to the brain and protection of neuronal structures, although results can vary significantly between individuals 6
3. Reduction of Symptoms Associated with Psychiatric Disorders and Dementia
Beyond simple memory enhancement, the extract has shown promise in managing behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia (BPSD). In a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, patients treated with the standardized extract EGb 761 showed significant improvement in caregiver distress scores and reduced severity of psychiatric symptoms compared to those taking a placebo 7 This suggests it may serve as a useful adjunctive therapy for stabilizing mood and behavior in elderly patients 8
4. Improvement of Blood Circulation and Heart Health
The circulatory system benefits from the ability of Ginkgo to promote the widening of blood vessels, a process known as vasodilation. Studies indicate that the extract can increase blood flow to various parts of the body, including the extremities and the brain, without significantly altering blood pressure in healthy individuals 9 This improvement in circulation is particularly helpful for conditions where blood flow is restricted, such as coronary artery disease or issues affecting peripheral limbs 10
5. Alleviation of Anxiety and Stress Symptoms
Anxiety disorders can severely impact quality of life, and some research indicates that Ginkgo may offer a natural alternative for symptom management. Clinical trials involving patients with generalized anxiety disorder found that specific extracts significantly reduced anxiety scores compared to placebo groups 11 Furthermore, studies on healthy volunteers subjected to stress tests showed that the extract blunted the rise in blood pressure and cortisol release, suggesting a stabilizing effect on the body’s stress response 12
6. Support for Vision and Eye Health (Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration)
Oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to age-related eye diseases. Ginkgo biloba extract has been studied for its potential to protect the retina and improve blood flow to the optic nerve. Research has demonstrated that the extract may slow the progression of visual field damage in patients with normal-tension glaucoma 13 Additionally, its antioxidant properties are being investigated for their role in delaying the onset of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) 14 , 2
7. Reduction of Inflammation in Arthritis and IBD
Chronic inflammation is a root cause of conditions like arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Animal studies and preliminary research suggest that the bioactive compounds in Ginkgo can inhibit specific inflammatory markers, potentially reducing joint pain and intestinal inflammation 15 In the context of knee osteoarthritis, standardized extracts have demonstrated a potential to protect cartilage and reduce inflammatory cascades, though more large-scale human trials are needed to confirm efficacy 16
8. Potential Benefits for Treating Headaches and Migraines
Traditional medicine has long utilized Ginkgo leaves for treating headaches, and modern science is beginning to explore the mechanisms behind this use. A study involving young patients suffering from migraines without aura found that a supplement containing Ginkgolide B (a component of the leaf) significantly reduced the frequency of migraine attacks 17 The effect is thought to be linked to the extract’s ability to modulate inflammation and platelet-activating factors associated with migraine pain 18
9. Improvement in Symptoms of Asthma and COPD
Respiratory conditions characterized by airway inflammation may be mitigated by the anti-inflammatory properties of Ginkgo. Research indicates that the extract can reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the airways, potentially alleviating symptoms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 19 Recent studies have also highlighted the extract’s ability to protect lung cells from damage caused by cigarette smoke, a primary driver of COPD progression 20
10. Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction and Libido Issues
Sexual dysfunction, particularly when induced by antidepressant medications like SSRIs, is a common and distressing side effect. Some clinical observations have shown that Ginkgo biloba extract can improve sexual desire and arousal in both men and women experiencing this specific type of dysfunction 21 While results in general populations are mixed, the vasodilatory effects of the herb may support physical arousal mechanisms through improved blood flow 22
Safety, Dosage Recommendations, and Potential Interactions
While generally considered safe for healthy adults when taken in moderate doses, Ginkgo biloba is not without risks. It can interact with blood thinners (anticoagulants) like warfarin and aspirin, potentially increasing the risk of bleeding 23 Common side effects may include headaches, stomach upset, and dizziness. Experts typically recommend starting with a standard dose (often 120–240 mg of standardized extract) and consulting a healthcare provider, especially for those on medication or with a history of seizures 24
Conclusion
Ginkgo biloba extract remains one of the most extensively researched herbal supplements, offering a range of science-backed benefits from cognitive support to improved circulation and eye health. However, its efficacy can vary based on the individual and the specific condition being treated. As with any potent bioactive substance, it should be used responsibly and under the guidance of a medical professional to ensure safety and avoid adverse interactions.